The EU aims to achieve ‘good’ environmental status in marine areas across all Member States. This study assesses protected and non-protected sites in the Mediterranean Sea according to key ecological indicators.

Studies that observe physical and behavioural changes in wild species over periods of rising temperature rarely evaluate the role of climate change in relation to simultaneous changes of other environmental factors.

Climate refugia are areas that remain relatively buffered from the effects of climate change over time, enabling them to play a vital role in safeguarding biodiversity.